18371837; 1875–1878; 1886–1887 · Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine

Native American prisoners at Fort Marion

Coquina bastion and corner sentry box of Fort Marion, St. Augustine, photographed in the 1860s — Archival image: Unknown photographer (Library of Congress). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Renamed Fort Marion under US rule, the Castillo became a prison for Native Americans. The Seminole leader Osceola was held there in 1837. From 1875 Kiowa, Cheyenne and other Plains warriors were jailed under Richard Henry Pratt, whose schooling of them led him to found the Carlisle Indian school in 1879, model for the government boarding schools. Nearly 500 Chiricahua and Warm Springs Apache were held there in 1886–1887.